Archive for December 2016

This work has been interpreted as a/an

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This work has been interpreted as a/an 






a) critique of human folly
b) comment on national pride
c) recollection of a boyhood memory
d) protestation of foreign occupation







Answer: A

This mask was used

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This mask was used 





a) to create kiva paintings
b) in association with sand paintings
c) at events called potlatches
d) to place atop totem poles







Answer: C

This work can be interpreted as

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This work can be interpreted as




a) a reflection on the death of a loved one
b) a reaction to war and destruction
c) a memory of boyhood experiences
d) a response to religious conflict







Answer: A

Instead of glorifying the court, which included many corrupt officials, the Chinese literati, including artists such as Fan Kuan, celebrated nature as a/an

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Instead of glorifying the court, which included many corrupt officials, the Chinese literati, including artists such as Fan Kuan, celebrated nature as a/an






a) retreat for only the superior elite
b) instrument of punishment and vindicator of justice
c) map of an unchanging moral order
d) precious commodity signifying rank and status










Answer: C

This particular work was a/an

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This particular work was a/an





a) copy of a work by an earlier artist
b) color lithograph
c) watercolor study for a landscape
d) full-size preparatory oil sketch








Answer: D

The churches of San Vitale and Santa Costanza are similar in that they both

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The churches of San Vitale and Santa Costanza are similar in that they both




A) were designed based on an ancient Roman basilica, or law court
B) exhibit mosaic cycles depicting the life of Christ
C) are centrally-planned structures with an ambulatory
D) include upper level tribunes or galleries for overflow audiences









Answer: C

This structure was built in the 6th century CE in order to

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This structure was built in the 6th century CE in order to





A) strengthen the presence of Islamic rule in western Europe
B) replace an earlier church destroyed in a riot
C) claim possession of a sacred biblical mountain
D) accommodate the growth of monasticism in the East








Answer: B

This detail of the Bayeux Tapestry shows

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This detail of the Bayeux Tapestry shows 




A) Harold swearing an oath of fealty to William to be his vassal
B) William presenting relics to his half-brother Bishop Odo
C) Edward the Confessor appointing Harold as his heir
D) William knighting a soldier before going to war








Answer: A

These jamb statues depict

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These jamb statues depict





A) Old Testament kings and queens
B) New Testament saints and disciples
C) Old Testament prophets and sibyls
D) Greco-Roman gods and goddesses









Answer: A

This is the facade of

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This is the facade of 






A) Durham Cathedral
B) Reims Cathedral
C) Chartres Cathedral
D) Speyer Cathedral








Answer: C

Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?

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Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? 






A) Natural selection cannot account for losses, only for innovations.
B) Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse.
C) Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.
D) The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to find new habitats that these species had not previously used.







Answer: C

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?

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Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities? 






A) by identifying the bones as being homologous structures
B) by the principle of convergent evolution
C) by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor
D) Three of the statements above are correct.
E) Two of the statements above are correct.








Answer: E

If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that

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If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that 







A) they live in very different habitats.
B) they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.
C) their chromosomes should be very similar.
D) they shared a common ancestor relatively recently.
E) they should be members of the same genus.









Answer: B

If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing?

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If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing? 






A) These genes should continue to be maintained in case the antibiotics ever appear.
B) These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.
C) The bacteria should try to make the cost worthwhile by locating, and migrating to, microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present.
D) The bacteria should start making and secreting their own antibiotics.







Answer: B

DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have been required for this pest eradication effort to be successful in the long run?

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DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have been required for this pest eradication effort to be successful in the long run? 





A) Larger doses of DDT should have been applied.
B) All habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time.
C) The frequency of DDT application should have been higher.
D) None of the individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them resistant to DDT.
E) DDT application should have been continual.







Answer: D

In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of algae-eating fish (in other words, they locate their prey by sight). If a population of algae-eaters experiences predation pressure from pike-cichlids, which of the following is least likely to be observed in the algae-eater population over the course of many generations?

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In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of algae-eating fish (in other words, they locate their prey by sight). If a population of algae-eaters experiences predation pressure from pike-cichlids, which of the following is least likely to be observed in the algae-eater population over the course of many generations? 






A) selection for drab coloration of the algae-eaters
B) selection for nocturnal algae-eaters (active only at night)
C) selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young
D) selection for algae-eaters that become sexually mature at smaller overall body sizes
E) selection for algae-eaters that are faster swimmers







Answer: C

The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered to be an example of artificial selection because

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The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered to be an example of artificial selection because 






A) humans purposefully raise MRSA in large fermenters in an attempt to make the bacteria ever-more resistant.
B) S. aureus is cultivated by humans to replenish the soil with nutrients.
C) humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin.
D) Humans are becoming resistant to bacteria by taking methicillin.






Answer: C

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true?

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Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true? 







A) Species X and Y are not related to species Z.
B) Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z.
C) Species X and Y share a common ancestor that is still extant (in other words, not yet extinct).
D) Species X and Y are the result of artificial selection from an ancestral species Z.
E) Species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor, but nothing more can be claimed than this.






Answer: B

The role that humans play in artificial selection is to

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The role that humans play in artificial selection is to 






A) determine who lives and who dies.
B) create the genetic variants, which nature then selects.
C) choose which organisms breed, and which do not.
D) train organisms to breed more successfully.
E) perform artificial insemination.







Answer: C

If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement?

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If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement? 






A) If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.
B) If an individual's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring.
C) If an individual acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will be the result.
D) A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete will, if perpetuated, produce a new species within just two generations.







Answer: A

Which of Darwin's ideas had the strongest connection to Darwin having read Malthus's essay on human population growth?

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Which of Darwin's ideas had the strongest connection to Darwin having read Malthus's essay on human population growth? 






A) descent with modification
B) variation among individuals in a population
C) struggle for existence
D) the ability of related species to be conceptualized in "tree thinking"
E) that the ancestors of the Galápagos finches had come from the South American mainland






Answer: C

A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of both competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. Which inference(s) about this population might be true?

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A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of both competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. Which inference(s) about this population might be true? 







A) The amount of available food may have increased.
B) The parental generation of squirrels developed better eyesight due to improved diet; the subsequent squirrel generation inherited better eyesight.
C) The squirrels of subsequent generations should show greater levels of genetic variation than previous generations, because squirrels that would not have survived in the past will now survive.
D) Three of the statements above are correct.
E) Two of the statements above are correct.






Answer: E

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

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Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection?
1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals.
2. A change occurs in the environment.
3. Genetic frequencies within the population change.
4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. 






A) 2 ? 4 ? 1 ? 3
B) 4 ? 2 ? 1 ? 3
C) 4 ? 1 ? 2 ? 3
D) 4 ? 2 ? 3 ? 1
E) 2 ? 4 ? 3 ? 1






Answer: A

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

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Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus? 






A) Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit exponential growth of the human population into the foreseeable future.
B) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.
C) Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals.
D) The environment is responsible for natural selection.
E) Earth is more than 10,000 years old.






Answer: B

Natural selection is based on all of the following except

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Natural selection is based on all of the following except 






A) genetic variation exists within populations.
B) the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring.
C) individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young.
D) populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support.
E) individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.






Answer: E

Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time?

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Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time? 






A) All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors.
B) The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate.
C) The population size is large.
D) The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present.







Answer: A

Charles Darwin was the first person to propose

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Charles Darwin was the first person to propose 






A) that evolution occurs.
B) a mechanism for how evolution occurs.
C) that Earth is older than a few thousand years.
D) a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence.
E) that population growth can outpace the growth of food resources.








Answer: D

In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of

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In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of 






A) Cuvier.
B) Hutton.
C) Lamarck.
D) Darwin.
E) Lyell.







Answer: C

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in the vicinity of Paris?

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Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in the vicinity of Paris? 






A) extinction of species yes; evolution of new species yes
B) extinction of species no; evolution of new species yes
C) extinction of species yes; evolution of new species no
D) extinction of species no; evolution of new species yes






Answer: C

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

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During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? 






A) Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.
B) Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits.
C) Only favorable adaptations have survival value.
D) Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.
E) If the giraffes did not have to compete with each other, longer necks would not have been passed on to the next generation.







Answer: A

What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

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What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin? 





A) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.
B) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations gradually change.
C) Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change.
D) Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging.
E) Earth is millions of years old, and populations gradually change.







Answer: A

Which of the following statements best describes theories?

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Which of the following statements best describes theories? 






A) They are nearly the same things as hypotheses.
B) They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations.
C) They cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once.
D) They are predictions of future events.








Answer: B

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

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Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity? 






A) gene duplication
B) RNA splicing
C) exon shuffling
D) histone modification
E) random point mutations







Answer: C

Homeotic genes

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Homeotic genes 






A) encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures.
B) are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods.
C) are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain.
D) encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.
E) are responsible for patterning during plant development.






Answer: A

One of the characteristics of retrotransposons is that

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One of the characteristics of retrotransposons is that 






A) they code for an enzyme that synthesizes DNA using an RNA template.
B) they are found only in animal cells.
C) they generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism.
D) they contribute a significant portion of the genetic variability seen within a population of gametes.
E) their amplification is dependent on a retrovirus.







Answer: A

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

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Bioinformatics includes all of the following except 






A) using computer programs to align DNA sequences.
B) analyzing protein interactions in a species.
C) using molecular biology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube.
D) developing computer-based tools for genome analysis.
E) using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.






Answer: C

Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. A classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16.

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Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. A classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16. 



How might identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another? 

A) by normal meiotic recombination
B) by normal mitotic recombination between sister chromatids
C) by transcription followed by recombination
D) by chromosomal translocation
E) by deletion followed by insertion


Answer: D


Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans, but at different times in development. What mechanism could allow for this? 

A) exon shuffling
B) intron activation
C) pseudogene activation
D) differential translation of mRNAs
E) differential gene regulation over time


Answer: E

A recent report has indicated several conclusions about comparisons of our genome with that of Neanderthals. This report concludes, in part, that, at some period in evolutionary history, there was an admixture of the two genomes. This is evidenced by

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A recent report has indicated several conclusions about comparisons of our genome with that of Neanderthals. This report concludes, in part, that, at some period in evolutionary history, there was an admixture of the two genomes. This is evidenced by 






A) some Neanderthal sequences not found in humans.
B) a small number of modern H. sapiens with Neanderthal sequences.
C) Neanderthal Y chromosomes preserved in the modern population of males.
D) mitochondrial sequences common to both groups.







Answer: B

Which of the following studies would not likely be characterized as eco-devo?

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Which of the following studies would not likely be characterized as eco-devo? 






A) the study of a particular species to see whether or not it has developmental regulation
B) a study of the assortment of homeotic genes in the zebra
C) a comparison of the functions of a particular homeotic gene among four species of reptiles
D) studying the environmental pressures on developmental stages such as the tadpole
E) a fossil comparison of organisms from the Devonian era






Answer: C

Homeotic genes contain a homeobox sequence that is highly conserved among very diverse species. The homeobox is the code for that domain of a protein that binds to DNA in a regulatory developmental process. Which of the following would you then expect?

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Homeotic genes contain a homeobox sequence that is highly conserved among very diverse species. The homeobox is the code for that domain of a protein that binds to DNA in a regulatory developmental process. Which of the following would you then expect? 







A) that homeotic genes are selectively expressed over developmental time
B) that a homeobox-containing gene has to be a developmental regulator
C) that homeoboxes cannot be expressed in nonhomeotic genes
D) that all organisms must have homeotic genes
E) that all organisms must have homeobox-containing genes







Answer: A

In order to determine the probable function of a particular sequence of DNA in humans, what might be the most reasonable approach?

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In order to determine the probable function of a particular sequence of DNA in humans, what might be the most reasonable approach? 







A) Prepare a knockout mouse without a copy of this sequence and examine the mouse phenotype.
B) Genetically engineer a mouse with a copy of this sequence and examine its phenotype.
C) Look for a reasonably identical sequence in another species, prepare a knockout of this sequence in that species, and look for the consequences.
D) Prepare a genetically engineered bacterial culture with the sequence inserted and assess which new protein is synthesized.
E) Mate two individuals heterozygous for the normal and mutated sequences.







Answer: C

What are genomic "hot spots"?

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What are genomic "hot spots"? 





A) the locations that correspond to most genetic diseases
B) the areas of a genome that most often mutate due to environmental effects
C) the locations that most often correspond with chromosomal breakpoints
D) the locations that correspond to most genetic diseases and the locations that most often correspond with chromosomal breakpoints
E) the locations that correspond to most genetic diseases, the areas of a genome that most often mutate due to environmental effects, and the locations that most often correspond with chromosomal breakpoints







Answer: E

When does exon shuffling occur?

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When does exon shuffling occur? 






A) during splicing of DNA
B) during mitotic recombination
C) as an alternative splicing pattern in post-transcriptional processing
D) as an alternative cleavage or modification post-translationally
E) as the result of faulty DNA repair








Answer: C

Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication. A mutated form of hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin Lepore, is known in the human population. Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted set of amino acids. If it was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an expected consequence?

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Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication. A mutated form of hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin Lepore, is known in the human population. Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted set of amino acids. If it was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an expected consequence? 






A) If it is still maintained in the human population, hemoglobin Lepore must be selected for in evolution.
B) There should also be persons born with, if not living long lives with, an anti-Lepore mutation or duplication.
C) Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion.
D) The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling.
E) The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome.





Answer: B

In comparing the genomes of humans and those of other higher primates, it is seen that humans have a large metacentric pair we call chromosome 2 among our 46 chromosomes, whereas the other primates of this group have 48 chromosomes and any pair like the human chromosome 2 pair is not present; instead, the primate groups each have two pairs of midsize acrocentric chromosomes. What is the most likely explanation?

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In comparing the genomes of humans and those of other higher primates, it is seen that humans have a large metacentric pair we call chromosome 2 among our 46 chromosomes, whereas the other primates of this group have 48 chromosomes and any pair like the human chromosome 2 pair is not present; instead, the primate groups each have two pairs of midsize acrocentric chromosomes. What is the most likely explanation? 






A) The ancestral organism had 48 chromosomes and at some point a centric fusion event occurred and provided some selective advantage.
B) The ancestral organism had 46 chromosomes, but primates evolved when one of the pairs broke in half.
C) At some point in evolution, human ancestors and primate ancestors were able to mate and produce fertile offspring, making a new species.
D) Chromosome breakage results in additional centromeres being made in order for meiosis to proceed successfully.
E) Transposable elements transferred significantly large segments of the chromosomes to new locations.






Answer: A

Which of the following can be duplicated in a genome?

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Which of the following can be duplicated in a genome? 






A) DNA sequences above a minimum size only
B) DNA sequences below a minimum size only
C) entire chromosomes only
D) entire sets of chromosomes only
E) sequences, chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes







Answer: E

A multigene family is composed of

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A multigene family is composed of 





A) multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed.
B) genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication.
C) the many tandem repeats such as those found in centromeres and telomeres.
D) a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways.
E) a highly conserved gene found in a number of different species.







Answer: B

Alu elements account for about 10% of the human genome. What does this mean?

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Alu elements account for about 10% of the human genome. What does this mean? 





A) Alu elements cannot be transcribed into RNA.
B) Alu elements evolved in very ancient times, before mammalian radiation.
C) Alu elements represent the result of transposition.
D) No Alu elements are found within individual genes.
E) Alu elements are cDNA and therefore related to retrotransposons.








Answer: C

What characteristic of short tandem repeat DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting?

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What characteristic of short tandem repeat DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting?






A) The number of repeats varies widely from person to person or animal to animal.
B) The sequence of DNA that is repeated varies significantly from individual to individual.
C) The sequence variation is acted upon differently by natural selection in different environments.
D) Every racial and ethnic group has inherited different short tandem repeats.








Answer: A

What is the most probable explanation for the continued presence of pseudogenes in a genome such as our own?

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What is the most probable explanation for the continued presence of pseudogenes in a genome such as our own? 






A) They are genes that had a function at one time, but that have lost their function because they have been translocated to a new location.
B) They are genes that have accumulated mutations to such a degree that they would code for different functional products if activated.
C) They are duplicates or near duplicates of functional genes but cannot function because they would provide inappropriate dosage of protein products.
D) They are genes with significant inverted sequences.
E) They are genes that are not expressed, even though they have nearly identical sequences to expressed genes.







Answer: E

Barbara McClintock, who achieved fame for discovering that genes could move within genomes, had her meticulous work ignored for nearly four decades, but eventually won the Nobel Prize. Why was her work so distrusted?

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Barbara McClintock, who achieved fame for discovering that genes could move within genomes, had her meticulous work ignored for nearly four decades, but eventually won the Nobel Prize. Why was her work so distrusted? 





A) The work of women scientists was still not allowed to be published.
B) Geneticists did not want to lose their cherished notions of DNA stability.
C) There were too many alternative explanations for transposition.
D) She allowed no one else to duplicate her work.
E) She worked only with maize, which was considered "merely" a plant.






Answer: B

The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions, including

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The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions, including 






A) the density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals.
B) the number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes.
C) most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA.
D) the genomes of other organisms are most significantly smaller than the human genome.







Answer: B

Which of the following is a representation of gene density?

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Which of the following is a representation of gene density? 






A) Humans have 2,900 Mb per genome.
B) C. elegans has ~20,000 genes.
C) Humans have ~20,000 genes in 2,900 Mb.
D) Humans have 27,000 bp in introns.
E) Fritillaria has a genome 40 times the size of a human.







Answer: C

If humans have 2,900 Mb, a specific member of the lily family has 120,000 Mb, and a yeast has ~13 Mb, why can't this data allow us to order their evolutionary significance?

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If humans have 2,900 Mb, a specific member of the lily family has 120,000 Mb, and a yeast has ~13 Mb, why can't this data allow us to order their evolutionary significance? 






A) Size matters less than gene density.
B) Size does not compare to gene density.
C) Size does not vary with gene complexity.
D) Size is mostly due to "junk" DNA.
E) Size is comparable only within phyla.






Answer: C

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. These can now be used to

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Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. These can now be used to 






A) introduce into relatives, such as elephants, certain mammoth traits.
B) clone live woolly mammoths.
C) study the relationships among woolly mammoths and other wool-producers.
D) understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa.
E) appreciate the reasons why mammoths went extinct.






Answer: D

Why is it unwise to try to relate an organism's complexity with its size or number of cells?

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Why is it unwise to try to relate an organism's complexity with its size or number of cells? 







A) A very large organism may be composed of very few cells or very few cell types.
B) A single-celled organism, such as a bacterium or a protist, still has to conduct all the complex life functions of a large multicellular organism.
C) A single-celled organism that is also eukaryotic, such as a yeast, still reproduces mitotically.
D) A simple organism can have a much larger genome.
E) A complex organism can have a very small and simple genome.







Answer: B
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